TY - JOUR
T1 - Black hole algorithm for sustainable design of counterfort retaining walls
AU - Yepes, Víctor
AU - Martí, José V.
AU - GARCIA CONEJEROS, JOSE ANTONIO
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding: The authors acknowledge the financial support of the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, along with FEDER funding (Project: BIA2017-85098-R) to the first and second authors, and the Grant CONICYT/FONDECYT/INICIACION/11180056 to the third author.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 by the authors.
PY - 2020/4/1
Y1 - 2020/4/1
N2 - The optimization of the cost and CO2 emissions in earth-retaining walls is of relevance, since these structures are often used in civil engineering. The optimization of costs is essential for the competitiveness of the construction company, and the optimization of emissions is relevant in the environmental impact of construction. To address the optimization, black hole metaheuristics were used, along with a discretization mechanism based on min-max normalization. The stability of the algorithm was evaluated with respect to the solutions obtained; the steel and concrete values obtained in both optimizations were analyzed. Additionally, the geometric variables of the structure were compared. Finally, the results obtained were compared with another algorithm that solved the problem. The results show that there is a trade-off between the use of steel and concrete. The solutions that minimize CO2 emissions prefer the use of concrete instead of those that optimize the cost. On the other hand, when comparing the geometric variables, it is seen that most remain similar in both optimizations except for the distance between buttresses. When comparing with another algorithm, the results show a good performance in optimization using the black hole algorithm.
AB - The optimization of the cost and CO2 emissions in earth-retaining walls is of relevance, since these structures are often used in civil engineering. The optimization of costs is essential for the competitiveness of the construction company, and the optimization of emissions is relevant in the environmental impact of construction. To address the optimization, black hole metaheuristics were used, along with a discretization mechanism based on min-max normalization. The stability of the algorithm was evaluated with respect to the solutions obtained; the steel and concrete values obtained in both optimizations were analyzed. Additionally, the geometric variables of the structure were compared. Finally, the results obtained were compared with another algorithm that solved the problem. The results show that there is a trade-off between the use of steel and concrete. The solutions that minimize CO2 emissions prefer the use of concrete instead of those that optimize the cost. On the other hand, when comparing the geometric variables, it is seen that most remain similar in both optimizations except for the distance between buttresses. When comparing with another algorithm, the results show a good performance in optimization using the black hole algorithm.
KW - Black hole
KW - CO emission
KW - Earth-retaining walls
KW - Min-max discretization
KW - Optimization
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85083649277&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/su12072767
DO - 10.3390/su12072767
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85083649277
VL - 12
JO - Sustainability (Switzerland)
JF - Sustainability (Switzerland)
SN - 2071-1050
IS - 7
M1 - 2767
ER -