Combined direct and indirect electroxidation of urea containing water

Carlos Carlesi Jara; Simona Di Giulio; Debora Fino; Paolo Spinelli

doi:10.1007/s10800-008-9496-4

Combined direct and indirect electroxidation of urea containing water

Carlos Carlesi Jara, Simona Di Giulio, Debora Fino, Paolo Spinelli

SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

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44 Scopus citations

Abstract

The direct oxidation of urea at high electrode potentials over platinized titanium electrodes in sulphate media generates a high amount of nitrates, representing an environmental problem. Coupling direct and indirect oxidation (using chloride salt), the total amount of generated nitrates can be lowered due to competition between anodic generation of chlorine and nitrates. A qualitative description of the influence of applied current density (ranging from 0.5 to 30 A m^-2) and the nitrogen-to-chlorine ratio N/Cl (ranging from 0.5 to 3 by weight) on the distribution of urea electroxidation by-products was obtained. In a highly acidic environment, a decrease in nitrate concentration was observed when operating at relatively high current densities, which suggests the occurrence of a complex heterogeneous reaction involving nitrates and yielding mainly molecular nitrogen.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	915-922
Number of pages	8
Journal	Journal of Applied Electrochemistry
Volume	38
Issue number	7
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-008-9496-4
State	Published - Jul 2008

Keywords

Active chlorine
Electroxidation
Nitrates
Platinized titanium electrode
Urea

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10.1007/s10800-008-9496-4

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@article{130458218cc446cf969c57dede45f37f,

title = "Combined direct and indirect electroxidation of urea containing water",

abstract = "The direct oxidation of urea at high electrode potentials over platinized titanium electrodes in sulphate media generates a high amount of nitrates, representing an environmental problem. Coupling direct and indirect oxidation (using chloride salt), the total amount of generated nitrates can be lowered due to competition between anodic generation of chlorine and nitrates. A qualitative description of the influence of applied current density (ranging from 0.5 to 30 A m-2) and the nitrogen-to-chlorine ratio N/Cl (ranging from 0.5 to 3 by weight) on the distribution of urea electroxidation by-products was obtained. In a highly acidic environment, a decrease in nitrate concentration was observed when operating at relatively high current densities, which suggests the occurrence of a complex heterogeneous reaction involving nitrates and yielding mainly molecular nitrogen.",

keywords = "Active chlorine, Electroxidation, Nitrates, Platinized titanium electrode, Urea",

author = "{Carlesi Jara}, Carlos and {Di Giulio}, Simona and Debora Fino and Paolo Spinelli",

note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements We acknowledge fruitful discussions with Dr. Rodrigo Henriquez from the Chemistry Department of the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Chile, as well as the financial support of Regione Piemonte, Italy (Project: {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Monitoraggio e rigen-erazione dell{\textquoteright}acqua nelle missioni spaziali{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}, 2004 N°182/2006) and Fondecyt N°11070219 (2007) Republic of Chile.",

year = "2008",

month = jul,

doi = "10.1007/s10800-008-9496-4",

language = "English",

volume = "38",

pages = "915--922",

journal = "Journal of Applied Electrochemistry",

issn = "0021-891X",

publisher = "Springer Netherlands",

number = "7",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Combined direct and indirect electroxidation of urea containing water

AU - Carlesi Jara, Carlos

AU - Di Giulio, Simona

AU - Fino, Debora

AU - Spinelli, Paolo

N1 - Funding Information: Acknowledgements We acknowledge fruitful discussions with Dr. Rodrigo Henriquez from the Chemistry Department of the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Chile, as well as the financial support of Regione Piemonte, Italy (Project: ‘‘Monitoraggio e rigen-erazione dell’acqua nelle missioni spaziali’’, 2004 N°182/2006) and Fondecyt N°11070219 (2007) Republic of Chile.

PY - 2008/7

Y1 - 2008/7

N2 - The direct oxidation of urea at high electrode potentials over platinized titanium electrodes in sulphate media generates a high amount of nitrates, representing an environmental problem. Coupling direct and indirect oxidation (using chloride salt), the total amount of generated nitrates can be lowered due to competition between anodic generation of chlorine and nitrates. A qualitative description of the influence of applied current density (ranging from 0.5 to 30 A m-2) and the nitrogen-to-chlorine ratio N/Cl (ranging from 0.5 to 3 by weight) on the distribution of urea electroxidation by-products was obtained. In a highly acidic environment, a decrease in nitrate concentration was observed when operating at relatively high current densities, which suggests the occurrence of a complex heterogeneous reaction involving nitrates and yielding mainly molecular nitrogen.

AB - The direct oxidation of urea at high electrode potentials over platinized titanium electrodes in sulphate media generates a high amount of nitrates, representing an environmental problem. Coupling direct and indirect oxidation (using chloride salt), the total amount of generated nitrates can be lowered due to competition between anodic generation of chlorine and nitrates. A qualitative description of the influence of applied current density (ranging from 0.5 to 30 A m-2) and the nitrogen-to-chlorine ratio N/Cl (ranging from 0.5 to 3 by weight) on the distribution of urea electroxidation by-products was obtained. In a highly acidic environment, a decrease in nitrate concentration was observed when operating at relatively high current densities, which suggests the occurrence of a complex heterogeneous reaction involving nitrates and yielding mainly molecular nitrogen.

KW - Active chlorine

KW - Electroxidation

KW - Nitrates

KW - Platinized titanium electrode

KW - Urea

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=44749086179&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1007/s10800-008-9496-4

DO - 10.1007/s10800-008-9496-4

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:44749086179

SN - 0021-891X

VL - 38

SP - 915

EP - 922

JO - Journal of Applied Electrochemistry

JF - Journal of Applied Electrochemistry

IS - 7

ER -

Combined direct and indirect electroxidation of urea containing water

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