TY - JOUR
T1 - Directional Measurements in Urban Street Canyons from Macro Rooftop Sites at 28 GHz for 90% Outdoor Coverage
AU - Du, Jinfeng
AU - Chizhik, Dmitry
AU - Valenzuela, Reinaldo A.
AU - Feick, Rodolfo
AU - Castro, Guillermo
AU - Rodriguez, Mauricio
AU - Chen, Tingjun
AU - Kohli, Manav
AU - Zussman, Gil
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
IEEE
Copyright:
Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/6
Y1 - 2021/6
N2 - Path gain and effective directional gain in azimuth in urban canyons from actual rooftop base station sites are characterized based on a massive data set of 3000 links on 12 streets in two cities, with over 21 million individual continuous-wave power measurements at 28 GHz using vertically polarized antennas. Large street-to-street path gain variation is found, with median street path gain varying over 30 dB at similar distances. Coverage in the street directly illuminated by a roof edge antenna is found to suffer an average excess loss of 11 dB relative to free space at 200 m, with an empirical slope-intercept fit model representing the data with 7.1 dB standard deviation. Offsetting the base antenna 5 m away from the roof edge, as is common in macrocellular deployments, introduces an additional average loss of 15 dB at 100 m, but this additional loss reduces with distance. Around the corner loss is well modeled by a diffraction formula with an empirically obtained diffraction coefficient. Effective azimuthal gain degradation due to scatter is limited to 2 dB for 90% of data, supporting effective use of high-gain antennas in urban street canyons.
AB - Path gain and effective directional gain in azimuth in urban canyons from actual rooftop base station sites are characterized based on a massive data set of 3000 links on 12 streets in two cities, with over 21 million individual continuous-wave power measurements at 28 GHz using vertically polarized antennas. Large street-to-street path gain variation is found, with median street path gain varying over 30 dB at similar distances. Coverage in the street directly illuminated by a roof edge antenna is found to suffer an average excess loss of 11 dB relative to free space at 200 m, with an empirical slope-intercept fit model representing the data with 7.1 dB standard deviation. Offsetting the base antenna 5 m away from the roof edge, as is common in macrocellular deployments, introduces an additional average loss of 15 dB at 100 m, but this additional loss reduces with distance. Around the corner loss is well modeled by a diffraction formula with an empirically obtained diffraction coefficient. Effective azimuthal gain degradation due to scatter is limited to 2 dB for 90% of data, supporting effective use of high-gain antennas in urban street canyons.
KW - Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communication
KW - mm-wave measurements
KW - mm-wave propagation
KW - propagation losses
KW - radio propagation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85098792042&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/TAP.2020.3044398
DO - 10.1109/TAP.2020.3044398
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85098792042
SN - 0018-926X
VL - 69
SP - 3459
EP - 3469
JO - IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
JF - IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
IS - 6
M1 - 9298913
ER -