Probing a non-linear electrodynamics black hole with thin accretion disk, shadow, and deflection angle with M87* and Sgr A* from EHT

Non-linear interaction between the electromagnetic fields (EMF) occurs when vacuum polarization in quantum electrodynamics (QED) happens. The field of non-linear electrodynamics, which may result from this interaction, could have important effects on black hole physics. This paper considers the asymptotically flat black hole solution in Einstein-nonlinear electrodynamics (NLE) fields. We study the effect of the NLE parameters on the black hole deflection angle using the Gauss–Bonnet theorem in weak field limits, shadow cast using the null geodesics method, and thin accretion disk using the Novikov–Thorne model. In particular, we studied the time-averaged energy flux, the disk temperature, the differential luminosity, the different emission profiles, and infalling spherical accretion. Then we show how the physical quantities depend on β and C parameters of NLE and provide some constraints on the NLE parameters using the observations of M87* and Sgr A* from EHT.